Postpartum Thyroiditis The Thyroid Gland - 1612 Words

Postpartum Thyroiditis : The thyroid gland located in the lower front of neck is a butterfly- shaped endocrine gland. It produces thyroid hormones which help the body use energy, stay warm and keep the brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working normally. Postpartum thyroiditis is caused by anti – thyroid antibodies that attack the thyroid and cause inflammation. In United States, postpartum thyroiditis affect 5 -10% of women. Any women with autoimmune disorders, history of previous thyroid dysfunction, family history of thyroid dysfunction, history of previous postpartum thyroiditis are at risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis. The clinical course of postpartum thyroiditis includes thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism. The†¦show more content†¦It’s important to discontinue thyroid hormone replacement after 6-9 months, as most of them will regain normal thyroid function. Thyroid Function Tests: The thyroid’s job is to make thyroid hormones, which are secreted into the blood and the carried to every tissue in the body. The major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, also called T4 as it contains four iodine atoms. T4 is converted to T3 (triodothyronine) by removal of iodine atom. It occurs mainly in liver and in brain. The amount of T4 produced is controlled by another hormone which is made in the pituitary gland located at the base of brain, called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The amount of TSH is in the blood depends on the amount of T4 that the pituitary sees. If the pituitary sees very little T4, then it produces more TSH to tell thyroid gland to produce more T4.When T4 in the bloodstream goes above a certain level, the pituitary’s production of TSH is shut off. The thyroid and pituitary act like heater and a thermostat. If it’s cold the thermostat reads the temperature and turns on the heater. Thus , the thyroid and pituitary, like heater turn on and off. T4 and T3 circulate almost entirely proteins, and when these proteins change their level in the blood, there is change in T4 and T3 levels. Test: Blood tests to measure TSH, T4, and T3 are used to evaluate the thyroid function test. TSH: The best way is to measure

Compare and Contrast How the Cognitive-Behavioural and...

Word Count:1245 Compare and contrast how the cognitive-behavioural and person-centred models of counselling understand the person, and how these two approaches explain the psychological distress experienced by individuals. In Part 2, reflect on and write about which of the two models appeals most to you and why. In this assignment I will describe and explain how the cognitive-behavioural approach to counselling reflects behaviour as learned. I will explore how the cognitive-behavioural approach describes dysfunctional thinking as the cause of psychological distress. I intend to explore how the person-centred models of counselling describe the awareness and acceptance of self and how phenomenological thought processes explain†¦show more content†¦Person-centred therapists focus on phenomenological thinking. The therapist creates a congruent relationship with their client by allowing the client to take control and find solutions to their problems whilst the therapist empathises. (word count:54) The main theorist that believed in â€Å"non-directive† counselling was Rodgers (CR 1942). He stated that it was important to let the client explore their own problems and the counsellor was there to empathise, overcome incongruence and accept the client, this became known as the â€Å"core-conditions model† (Rodgers CR 1957). Rodgers suggested that incongruence happens due to â€Å"conditions of worth†, every child grown up with conditional or unconditional love from parents and distortions in the self-concept are caused by conditions of worth. Unresolved childhood issues cause dysfunctional internalized values making the client struggle to fulfil the ‘ideal-self’. Through a therapeutic relationship that encompasses the core-conditions model and the importance of empathy to create congruence, the client explores inner emotions and grows to receive internal actualization. Growth is achieved through therapeutic processes such as creating congruence and empathy. Gendlin (1967:75) described congruence as a process that requires a deliberate a ct of attention on the part of the counsellor. The client relies on the counsellor, who will create a relationship with the client throughShow MoreRelatedLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesPeople’s Services (Adults’ Advanced Practice) 3978-52 600/0573/7 3978-53 600/0573/7 3978-54 600/0573/7 3978-55 3978-56 600/0573/7 600/0573/7 2 City Guilds Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) (3978-51/52/53/54/55/56) Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Unit 501 Unit 502 Unit 503 Unit 504 Introduction Centre requirements Delivering the qualification Assessment Units Use and develop systems that promote communicationRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth

Phar Mor Case free essay sample

Between 1985 and 1992, Phar-Mor grew from 15 stores to 310 stores in 32 states, posting sales of more than $3 bi11ion. By seemingly a11standards, Phar-Mor was a rising star touted by some retail experts as the next Wal-Mart. In fact, Sam Walton once announced that the only company he feared at a11in the expansion ofWal-Mart was Phar-Mor. Mickey Monus, Phar-Mors president, COO and founder, was a local hero in his hometown of Youngstown, Ohio. As demonstration of his loyalty, Monus put Phar-Mors headquarters in a deserted department store in downtown Youngstown. Monus-known as shy and introverted to friends, cold and aloof to others-became quite flashy as Phar-Mor grew. Before the fa11of his Phar-Mor empire, Monus was known for buying his friends expensive gifts and he was building an extravagant personal residence, complete with an indoor basketba11court. He was also an initial equity investor in the Colorado Rockies major league baseba11 franchise. We will write a custom essay sample on Phar Mor Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This affiliation with the Colorado Rockies and other high profile sporting events sponsored by Phar-Mor fed Monus love for the high life and fast action. He frequently flew to Las Vegas, where a suite was always available for him at Caesars Palace. Mickey would often impress his traveling companions by giving them thousands of do11arsto gamble. Phar-Mor was a deep-discount retail chain se11inga variety of household products and prescription drugs at substantia11ylower prices than other discount stores. The key to the low prices was power buying, the phrase Monus used to describe his strategy of loading up on products when suppliers were offering rockbottom prices. The strategy of deep-discount retailing is to beat the other guys prices, thereby attracting the cost-conscious consumers. Phar-Mors prices were so low that competitors wondered how Phar-Mor could do it. Monus strategy was to underse11Wal-Mart in each market where the two retailers directly competed. Unfortunately, Phar-Mors prices were so low that Phar-Mor began losing money. Unwi11ingto a11owthese shortfa11sto damage Phar-Mors appearance of success, Monus and his team began to engage in creative accounting so that PharMor never reported these losses in its financial statements. Federal fraud examiners discerned later that 1987 was the last year Phar-Mor actua11ymade a profit. Investors, relying upon these erroneous financial statements, saw Phar-Mor as an opportunity to cash in on the retailing craze. Among the big investors were Westinghouse Credit Corp. , Sears Roebuck Co. , ma11developer Edward J. de Bartolo, and the prestigious Lazard Freres Co. Corporate Partners Investment Fund. Prosecutors say banks and investors put $1. 14 biUion into Phar-Mor based on the phony records. The fraud was ultimately uncovered when a travel agent received a Phar-Mor check signed by Monus paying for expenses that were unrelated to Phar-Mor. The agent showed the check to her landlord, who happened to be a Phar-Mor investor, IUnless otherwise noted, the facts and statements included in this case are based on actual trial transcripts. Case 6 Phar-Mor, Inc. : Accounting Fraud, Litigation, and Auditor Liability and he contacted Phar-Mors chief executive officer (C~O), David Shapira. On August 4, 1992, David Shapira announced to the business community that Phar-Mor had discovered a massive fraud perpetrated primarily by Michael Monus, former president and COO, and Patrick Finn, former chief financial officer (CFO). In order to hide Phar-Mors cash flow problems, attract investors, and make the company look profitable, Monus and Finn altered the Phar-Mors accounting records to understate costs of goods sold and overstate inventory and income. In addition to the financial statement fraud, internal investigations by the company estimated an embezzlement in excess of$10 million. 2 Phar-Mors executives had cooked the books and the magnitude of the collusive management fraud was almost inconceivable. The fraud was carefully carried out over several years by persons at many organizational layers, including the president and COO, CFO, vice president of mark~ting, director of accounting, controller, and a host of others. Many factors facilitated the Phar-Mor fraud. The following list outlines seven key factors contributing to the fraud and the ability to cover it up for so long. 1. The lack of adequate management information systems (MIS). According to the federal fraud examiners report, Phar-Mors MIS was inadequate on many levels. At one point, a Phar-Mor vice president raised concerns about the companys MIS systems and organized a committee to address the problem. However, senior officials involved in the scheme to defraud Phar-Mor dismissed the vice presidents concerns and ordered the committee disbanded. 2. Poor internal controls. For example, Phar-Mors accounting department was able to bypass normal accounts payable controls by maintaining a supply of blank checks on two different bank accounts and using them to make disbursements. Only those involved in the fraud were authorized to approve use of these checks. 3. The hands-off management style of David Shapira, CEO. For example, in at least two instances Shapira was made away of potential problems with Monus behavior and Phar-Mor financial information. In both cases Shapira chose to distance himself from the knowledge. . Inadequate internal audit function. Ironically, Michael Monus was appointed a member of the audit cOIpmittee. When the internal auditor reported that he wanted to investigate certain payroll irregularities associated with some of the Phar-Mor related parties, the CFO forestalled these activities and then eliminated the internal audit function all together. 5. Collusion among upper management. At least six members ofPh ar-Mors upper management, as well as other employees in the accounting department, were involved in the fraud. 6. Phar-Mors knowledge of audit procedures and objectives. Phar-Mors fraud team was made up of several former auditors, including at least one 2Stem, Gabriella, Phar-Mor Vendors Halt Deliveries; More Layoffs Made, The Wall Street Journal, August 10, 1992. 27 Beasley / Buckless / Glover / Prawitt fonner auditor who had worked for Coopers on the Phar-Mor audit. The fraud team indicated that one reason they were successful in hiding the fraud from the auditors was because they knew what the auditors were looking for. 7. Related parties. Coopers Lybrand, in a countersuit, stated that Shapira and Monus set up a web of companies to do business with Phar-Mor. Coopers contended that the companies fonned by Shapira and Monus received millions in payments from Phar~Mor. The federal fraud examiners report confirms Coopers allegations. The complexity of the related parties involved with Phar-Mor made detection of improprieties and fraudulent activity difficult. During its investigation, the federal fraud examiner identified 91 related parties. Attorneys representing creditors and investors pointed out that every year from 1987 to 1992, Coopers Lybrand acted as Phar-Mors auditor and declared the retailers books in order. At the same time, Coopers repeatedly expressed concerns in its annual audit reports and letters to management that Phar-Mor was engaged in hardto-reconcile accounting practices and called for improvements. Coopers identified Phar-Mor in its audit planning documents as a high risk audit, and their auditors documented that Phar-Mor appeared to be systematically exaggerating its accounts receivables and inventory, its primary assets.

The Music of Childish Gambino Essay Example For Students

The Music of Childish Gambino Essay Although he has only been on the rise for the last few years now, Childish Gambino’s style has managed to drastically change. His genre has shifted from being hardcore and in your face rap that is in his first record label albums â€Å"Royalty† and â€Å"Camp†, to what some would choose to label as indie or alternative rap in his most recent album â€Å"Because of the Internet†. It seems like in his earlier albums he was making an attempt to break away from his acting and comedy career as Donald Glover, by being an overly aggressive and offensive rapper. It is easy to see why he would do this since he has had such a successful career in entertainment outside of music. From writing script for the hit NBC show â€Å"30 Rock† and starring on NBC’s comedy show â€Å"Community†, he has accomplished a lot. This meant he really had to come out swinging in order to break out of his own shadow. His new album however gives off the feeling that he is trying to be himself, and establish who he actually is as an artist. The change in his style and sound is easily noticed and has not hurt his success yet. We will write a custom essay on The Music of Childish Gambino specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Like most rappers, Childish Gambino is not particularly timid. He holds absolutely no restraint when it comes to what he says or raps. He is obscene, combative, and his beats are in your face. The melodies are artistic in their own way, but are still pretty much what you expect from rap music. This is the version of Childish Gambino you get in his first albums produced from a record label, â€Å"Royalty† and â€Å"Camp†. â€Å"Royalty† is an album that features a different artist in almost every song on it. â€Å"Camp†, on the other hand, is entirely him, featuring another artist here and there. Even in these earlier albums it is easy to tell that he is not a normal rapper like the ones you hear on the radio occasionally. His style is indisputably unique and his lyrics are astonishingly clever. This is immensely apparent in his newest album â€Å"Because of the Internet†. His sound can be described best as different. He catches you off guard with this different direction he has gone in, but it is not that he changed everything about himself. The beats in his songs have remained heavy and exceedingly mind numbing. Each song is catchy and chalked full of its own personal mixture of wit and humor, just as we have come to expect from him, but, he seems to have this whole new air about him. It is not that he has found confidence in himself or anything like that, but more like he has decided who he wants to be as a rapper and an artist. Some people choose to label him as this new genre of indie or alternative rap, and they are not wrong. Especially since the album came with a short film that he wrote, produced, and starred in called â€Å"Clapping For No Reason†. He’s decided to be himself, and this album is proof that being himself will work for him. Childish Gambino’s change in genre is obviously not subtle, all you need is his lyrics to see that. He started his music career being humorously vulgar and fitting the hip hop mold flawlessly. Now his lyrics are deep and unusually thought provoking with a sprinkle of profanity that effortlessly emphasizes his points. Comparing the two phases shows that both work well, but being himself has really let his creativity out. There is no doubt that fans will follow him no matter where he decides to go now after this phenomenal display of versatility. .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 , .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .postImageUrl , .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 , .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0:hover , .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0:visited , .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0:active { border:0!important; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0:active , .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0 .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e76fbe6e6b5fc975a786dd42b8c3ac0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Punk movement as a reaction to stagnant music scene of the 70s EssaySo, even though he has only been on the music scene for the last few years now, Childish Gambino’s style has been able to adapt to what he wants it to be. Whether it is his genre from being more like the normal, hardcore, radio rapper in his albums â€Å"Royalty† and â€Å"Camp†, or whatever new genre he decides to call this in his most recent album â€Å"Because of the Internet†. It seems like in his earlier albums he was making an attempt to break away from his acting and comedy career by being an overly aggressive and offensive rapper. It is easy to see why he would do this since he has had such a successful career in entertainment outside of music. From writing for â€Å"Thirty rock† and starring on the show â€Å"Community† he has accomplished a lot, so he really had to come out swinging in order to break out of his own shadow. His new album however gives off the feeling that he is trying to be himself, and establish who he actually is as an artist. The change in his style and sound is easily noticed and has not hurt his success yet.